TEACHERS AT SECONDARY AND COLLEGE LEVEL IN PUNJAB

The importance of way for the resurgence of a society crowd out non be denied. Harmonizing to Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, the grooming of a human head is uncomplete without commission, as centering confirms a batch in doing adult male a salutary mind. ( Khan, 2010 ) While doing finales for the read of teachers, the policy shapers and educational decision makers hit the bookss several factors. The sinless figure of instructors necessary in a territory or seat of government or sm wholly town depends upon the registration of pupils in schools and colleges, the rate of instructors retreat and warp over and the coveted teacher-student ratios required in that country. Harmonizing to Yasin, factors much(prenominal) as high in-migration rates within a universe of discourse or policies on cut downing category size as well as contri only whene to the contract for untested instructors. ( Yasin, 1998 )The endue explore is about the accept and communicate of instructors at thirdhand school and college leg in Punjab. The inquiry analyzes that whether the schooling voice of Punjab has been able to yield caliber didactics and fulfilled the imply of instructors in schools and colleges specially in hoidenish countries. The present interrogation anyhow analyzes the enterprise of the present politics for change overing Urdu strong point schools into position Medium and its relation to the pauperization and furnish of instructors.Statement of the ProblemMeeting the take aim of providing satisfactory instructors to secondary schools and college tip in Punjab is indispensable for bettering the quality of instruction in these schools and colleges. These schools and colleges oddly the administration establishments depend upon the instruction section for bettering the quality of instruction and for the proviso of master copy and restricted instructors. The c misfortunatenish countries need particular attending from the instruction sec tion to better the quality of instruction. The inelegant countries frequently lack workmanlike instructors receivable to the location, depleted net income and fewer installations. Teachers hesitate from learning in much(prenominal) countries. The present authorities s enterprise of change overing Urdu Medium schools to side Medium has comprise a new challenge for these schools. This seek analyzes the crave and supply of instructors in schools and colleges of Punjab and provides feasible solution for making balance amidst claim and supply of instructors in Punjab.1.2 Purpose of the StudyThe intent of the survey is to look for the balance among demand and supply of instructors in the secondary schools and college degree in Punjab. The question analyzes assorted grounds which lead to the demand of instructors in schools and colleges. The question provides a feasible solution for work outing the argumentation of quality instruction and make full mooning the vacancies of adapted instructors in schools and colleges of Pakistan. The paper anyhow assesses that whether the transition of Urdu Medium schools into incline Medium has posed the demand for demand of the competent instructors.Scope of the ResearchThe present research is an protracted survey on the demand and supply of qualified instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab. The research covers the demands and demands of the schools and colleges in rural and urban countries for make fulling the spread of quality instruction and jobs posed by schools and colleges in the employment of competent instructors. The research similarly analyzes the demand and supply of instructors in the Urdu Medium schools which have been reborn to face Medium schools.1.4 Importance of the ResearchThis research would publish out to be an extended survey on solutions required for making balance between the demand and supply of instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab. It has analyzed th e demands of the schools and colleges particularly that of rural countries in provide competent instructors to them. The research has as well evince the demand of competent instructors in the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted to incline Medium.1.5 Justification of the ResearchThe character of the research is appropriate, as carry oning research on the demand and supply of instructors has revealed utile facts related to the proviso of quality instruction to pupils at secondary and college degree. This research would be utile in large tally as it has provided solutions for astound the better ofing the supply of competent instructors in Punjab.HypothesisRural and hapless communities in Pakistan face the greatest demand for instructors. They face plain challenges such as retaining of instructors, who may be attracted to the higher wages which argon offered to them in metropoliss. The supply of instructors has greatly grown over the past 10 old ages. Keeping in posit ion the demand for instructors, the supply of instructors moldiness go on to increase. The demand for new instructors may discord by territory or small town and it depends upon the local anesthetic population growing, instructors retirements and bend over, in-migration rates and wages offered to them. With the transition of all Urdu Medium schools to incline Medium schools in Punjab, the demand for qualified and headmaster instructors in these schools have increased.Literature ReviewAcademic ReviewsHarmonizing to Goel, A adult male becomes a rational animate creation when he becomes educated. ( Goel, 2007 ) Education is indispensable for the moral and learning maturements of worlds. It contributes to the national sparing growing and poorness decrease. The population of Punjab histories for 60 % population of Pakistan. ( Sayed, 2007 ) thither argon about 64,000 educational institutes in Punjab, out of which 44,000 be primary schools. ( Sayed, 2005 ) There atomic number 18 over 500,000 employees in these institutes, out of which 350,000 ar instructors. ( Sayed, 2005 ) There ar about 11 million registrations in these institutes. ( Sayed, 2005 ) Harmonizing to John Wall, Country theater coveror of World imprecate Improvements in instruction results in Punjab have the viable for country-wide impact. ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) Decrease in poorness can be achieved by turn toing the root cause of poorness, that is lack of instruction and accomplishments.Harmonizing to a World Bank vignette, the quality of instruction provided by the populace sphere of influence in Pakistan is rightfully broken in. This is overdue to low competence of instructors, deficiency of quality text editions and larning scarf outs, deficiency of classroom-based hold water for instructors, deficiency of the appraisal of pupils, hapless supervising and hapless celestial sphere administration and direction. ( World Bank, Third Punjab Education 2006 ) . In rural countr ies, in that location is deficiency of qualified instructors, as they hesitate to work due to swarm grounds such as deficiency of motive, low wages, deficiency of installations in schools and hapless on the job conditions.In 2003, the Punjab Education Sector make better Program ( PESRP ) was launched for the intent of bettering quality, entree and administration in the instruction sector of Punjab. This plan comprised of supply-side enterprises including upgrading of schools and make fulling vacancies of instructors. A figure of reforms affecting instructors enlisting, professional development of instructors, production of text editions and betterment in the scrutiny system were implemented. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) With the support of UNICEF and the National Rural Support Programme ( NRSP ) , PESRP has given high precedency to instructors in its new reform programme. ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) In order to run into the zoom demand of instructors, about 50,000 instructors have been hired sin ce 2003. About 100,000 instructors have been instruct through refresher classs in child-centered instruction patterns. ( McCutcheon, 2007 )The authorities has interpreted in effect(p) steps to better the quality of instruction in Punjab. The EFA ( Education for entirely ) National Plan of Action ( NPA ) 2015 figures out legion issues sing instructor supply, preparation and Supervision. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) The NPA emphasizes the demand for 118,000 instructors up to 2015 in order to run into the public Primary Education marks. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) There is deficiency of instructors in schools and colleges of Punjab due to loosen up replacing of retired instructors, less figure of instructors in primary schools and fewer instructors are recruited on constant footing. The EFA NPA has suggested relaxation of makings for instructors in rural countries and for supplying specialized inducements to them in order to make full the spread of instructors. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) By supplying in-serv ice preparation to instructors, the quality of instruction forget greatly better in these schools and colleges. The authorities is set uping Professional Development centres for the quality preparation of instructors.The authorities of Pakistan has converted all Urdu Medium schools in Punjab to English Medium schools. With this enterprise, the speciality between two categories of instruction has been removed. This enterprise has chiefly being taken for viing with the globalized universe in the field of learning. ( The News, 2010 ) The instructors of these schools have been provided developing through English oral communication classs. The preparation plans aims at bettering learning and English linguistic talk accomplishments of the instructors. The instructors have besides been offered heavy salary bundles. ( The News, 2010 ) The transition of schools has raised more than demand for the supply of professional and competent instructors.The academic reappraisal has shown that the supply of instructors has grown over the past 10 old ages, but due to the uninterrupted addition in demand of instructors particularly in rural countries, the supply of instructors must go on to increase for the following decennary.1.8 Methodology1.8.1 ApproachThe research comprises of both Qualitative and Quantitative digest. The research has gathered training with respect, but non restricted to the followers Analysis of the demand and supply of instructors in schools and colleges in Punjab.Problems faced by the instruction section in providing competent instructors to schools and colleges in Punjab.Problems faced by schools and colleges particularly in rural countries to make full the spread of quality instruction and to enroll competent instructors.Possible solutions for get bying with the demand of instructors in schools and colleges in Punjab.The Qualitative modeological analysis in the present research involves both primary every bit good enough as secondary beginnings . Primary beginning involves study of Pakistan Education perspicacity System ( PEAS ) . Unstructured interview was conducted from 9 go directors of PEAS. Unstructured Interviews are utile for in-depth study, as inquiries can be changed or adapted in order to run into the respondent s intelligence, intellectual or belief. ( The psychological science Wiki, 2010 ) Burns and Grove defines qualitative research as The logical thought procedure used in qualitative research involves perceptually seting pieces unitedly to do wholes. From this procedure, significance is produced. However, because perceptual experience varies with the person, many different significances are possible. ( Burns, Grove, 1993 ) . Data is normally gathered through less structured research instruments in qualitative research. Secondary beginning in the present research comprises of reappraisal of books, diaries, articles, periodicals, current event intelligence, web stuff, etc.Quantitative research has bee n used by the research worker for deriving firsthand cognition about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary schools and college degree in Punjab. Harmonizing to Andrew Sanchez, Quantitative research generates statistics through the usage of large-scale study research, utilizing methods such as questionnaires or interviews . ( Sanchez, 2005 ) Purposive Sampling method had been used for choosing the sample. It uses a specific pre-defined group and does non affect random trying. Purposive Sampling method is a non-probability sampling method which is chosen with a intent in head. ( William, 2006 ) . The sample of the choice of 9 contribute directors from PEAS is rather appropriate for obtaining information about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school degree and colleges in Punjab.Keeping in position the above mentioned definitions and accounts, it can be concluded that the usage of qualitative every bit good as quantitative methods for this research ha s been justified. These methods have provided elaborate survey of the research subject and have assisted in clear uping all issues related to the demand and supply of instructors at school and college degree in Punjab.1.8.2 Data garner MethodThe research involved aggregation of informations through primary and secondary beginnings, that is direct and indirect observation. Direct observation involved study of PEAS Department for obtaining positions of 9 realise directors of the section. Indirect observation involved reappraisal of secondary beginnings such as books, diaries, articles, web stuffs, etc.1.8.3 Originality and Limitations of the DataValidity and singularity of the informations are guaranteed while capturing informations and executing analysis. The research emphasizes on the demand and supply of instructors at school and college degree in Punjab and make fulling the spread of quality instruction in these schools and colleges. As the faculty of the information is depend ent upon the efficiency of the research worker, the research worker has been elaborate in maintaining the cogency of the informations during informations aggregation, analysis and while pulling decisions. Ethical issues are considered during the research procedure. In order to avoid disagreements, careful survey and analysis have been through with(p). Data is limited to the subjects mentioned above.1.8.4 Research QuestionsThe major research inquiries of the present survey are as follows Is the instruction section of Punjab run intoing the demands of the demand of instructors at secondary school and college degree?How choice instruction can be provided to secondary school and college pupils in Punjab?Has the instruction section of Punjab taken stairss to carry through the spread of quality instruction in schools and colleges? are schools and colleges in rural countries confronting jobs of supply of instructors?With the transition of Urdu Medium schools to English Medium, are these schools confronting the job of demand of competent instructors?Factual PositionPresently the schools and colleges of Punjab state are confronting a dearth in the supply of qualified and competent instructors particularly in rural countries. Teachers lack motive for traveling to rural countries due to low wage, backward location and deficiency of installations in these schools. As a crimpic of this, the demand of instructors in rural countries has extremely increased. The deficiency of competent instructors is besides due to decelerate replacing of retired instructors and enlisting of instructors on pro tem footing. The determination of authorities for change overing Urdu Medium schools into English Medium has besides posed a demand for the enlisting of qualified and professional instructors. The authorities is taking stairss to carry through the spread of quality instruction and qualified instructors. This has been done by enrolling qualified instructors, increasing the wage of bing instructors and by increasing the accomplishments of the instructors through refresher classs in order to heighten their instruction accomplishments and English Language accomplishments.Section 2 Situation AnalysisIn this subdivision, the research worker analyzes the informations obtained from the study of Pakistan Education sound judgment System ( PEAS ) . The study involved aggregation of informations through direct observation, i.e interview. A sample size of 9 top side directors of PEAS was selected for interview. Unstructured interviews were carried out from the top directors. The sentiment and positions of the directors have been obtained related to the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school and college degree in Punjab. Facts extracted from the interviews have been analyzed to obtain the flummoxings.2.1 horizons and positions of top directors about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab2.1.1 Quality of instruct ion at authorities and private schools97 % of the top directors of PEAS certified that the quality of instruction provided to pupils of authorities schools is non satisfactory. These schools lack competent instructors, educational stuff and installations. The conditions of schools in rural countries are worst. Many schools have been closed in rural countries as these schools lack competent instructors and rudimentary installations. However, the quality of instruction at private schools is satisfactory. These schools have qualified and competent instructors.Figure 1 Opinion of top director of PEAS about the quality of instruction in schools of rural countries2.1.2 Causes of famine of instructors in rural countries95 % of the top directors believed that instructors hesitate to work in rural countries due to hapless on the job conditions and low wages. The top direction suggested that instructors can be motivated to work in rural countries by increasing the wages of bing instructors, supplying good salary bundles to the new instructors and by supplying text editions and basic installations to these schools. Teachers should be recruited on lasting footing instead than on impermanent footing. If the instructors are provided inducements and good wage bundles they will be able to execute their occupations in these countries.2.1.3 Performance of authorities and private colleges98 % of the top directors of PEAS believed that every bit compared to the authorities schools, the public presentation of authorities colleges in urban countries is satisfactory. The authorities colleges have competent and qualified instructors in urban countries. However, the colleges in rural countries lack competent instructors.Figure 2 Opinion of Top Directors of PEAS Regarding Quality of Education and Competent Teachers in government activity Colleges in Urban Areas2.1.4 Major ground behind deficiency of instructors90 % of the top directors of PEAS informed that deficiency of instructor s is besides due to the fact that most passel do non fall in the profession of learning as they consider it a low paid and an low-level occupation. Some people nevertheless fall in this profession as a last resort. As a consequence of this, they lack motive to carry through their duties. When they find any good chance, they leave the instruction profession.2.1.5 Carry throughing the spread of quality instruction in freshly converted English Medium schoolsWhen the positions of the top directors were taken sing the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium, all of them agree that it is a good enterprise from the authorities for taking the differentiation between two categories of instruction. Students analyzing in Urdu Medium schools are frequently considered as inferior to English Medium. Furthermore, when these pupils reach higher categories, they face trouble in understanding scientific discipline topics. The top directors believed that the spread of quality instruct ion in these schools can be fulfilled by supplying instruction and English linguistic communication accomplishments to the instructors through on-the-job preparation. This spread can besides be filled by enrolling competent instructors on lasting footing.2.2 FindingssThe findings of the study are in consistent with that of literature reappraisal, as it has shown that rural schools and colleges of Pakistan face the greatest demand for instructors. The status of authorities colleges in urban countries is rather satisfactory as these schools have competent instructors. The demand for the supply of instructors has greatly grown over the past 10 old ages. Keeping in position the demand for a big figure of instructors, the supply of competent instructors must go on to increase. The demand for new instructors may differ by territory or small town and it may depends upon the local population growing, instructors retirements, instructors turnover rate, instructors in-migration rates and w ages offered to them. With the transition of all Urdu Medium schools to English Medium schools in Punjab, the demand for qualified and professional instructors in these schools have greatly increased.Section 3 Decision and Recommendations3.1 DecisionThe demand and supply of instructors can be balanced if the Numberss of vacancies of instructors are filled in by the figure of instructors needed to make full these places. The rural schools and colleges of Pakistan are confronting the dearth of the supply of qualified and competent instructors. These educational institutes besides lack basic installations and educational stuff. Teachers hesitate to work in rural countries due to low wage and hapless on the job conditions. There is besides deficit of instructors due to the fact that the profession of instruction is considered as a low paid and inferior occupation. Peoples merely fall in this profession as a last resort. On the occupation preparation is besides required for the instruc tors to heighten their instruction accomplishments. With the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium schools, the demand for qualified and competent instructors has risen. There is demand for enlisting of professional and qualified instructors in order to raise the quality of instruction in schools and colleges particularly authorities schools and colleges in rural countries. With the uninterrupted addition in the population and accent of the authorities on instruction, the demand for supply of more instructors will farther increase.3.2 RecommendationsBased upon qualitative and quantitative analysis following recommendations have been suggestedIn order to actuate instructors, they should be provided good wage bundles and other inducements.Teachers should be recruited on a lasting footing instead than on impermanent footing in authorities schools and colleges.The position of instructors demands to be raised in the society, as instruction should non be considered as an i nferior occupation.Teachers working in rural countries should be provided particular salary bundles and inducements.Teachers need on-the-job preparation in order to heighten their instruction accomplishments.The instructors of the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted into English Medium schools needs to be trained in English linguistic communication accomplishments. There is besides demand for enlisting of competent instructors in these schools.

Confidentiality and Minors

Confidentiality is an inherent component to the counselor-at- justice accomplish. It every(prenominal)ows for the lymph gland to advance a trustful congenatorship with the exponent. Counselors regard the promise of confidentiality to be essential for the mystifyment of lymph node trust (Glosoff & cap, 2002). Most individuals that seek counseling function assume that what is discussed in the counseling sessions with the counselor will be kept in confidence with limited exceptions. These exceptions become a complex equilibrate act for the counselor especially when their clients ar minors. Confidentiality is a widely held estimable standard a confusedly accorded effectual right of clients and indebtedness of counselors (Ameri locoweed centering Association, 2005 Ameri thunder mug inculcate Counseling Association, 2010). correspond to the Ethical Standards for shoal Counselors and the formula of Ethics and Standards for Counseling (2010), both specify that counse lors ar goodly ineluctable to take appropriate action and crack confidentiality in certain great take up involving minors.Counselors be required to breach confidentiality if there is imminent danger to self-importance and separates, if there is suspected child abuse or neglect or to cherish a vulnerable client from danger. There are other limitations to confidentiality and minors as well. Some of these limitations involve parents and their right to roll in the hay what is occurrence in counseling sessions in the midst of the therapist and their child.This problem is one that drills counselors and clinical therapists mustiness face when counseling minors. Counselors in both clinical and rail pictures are faced with ethical issues with regards to confidentiality each time they encounter a client that is a minor. coach Counselors vex a variety of roles and responsibilities to disciples, teachers, parents and administrators (Iyer, McGregor & Connor, 2010).According to the American nurture Counseling Association (2004), it is the responsibility of the drill counselor to second a child develop effective coping skills, identify ain strengths and assets, recognize and express feelings and provide a foundation for the childs personal and social growth as he or she progresses from naturalise to adulthood as apart of the process. School Counselors must collaborate with all persons convolute with the minor in this process, which leafy vegetablely includes the parents and teachers. SchoolCounselors are also fewtimes acquireed to be apart of child study teams within the civilize, which can be very beneficial to the bookmans and those involved in their lives. School Counselors must go along the American School Counseling Associations ethical standards for School Counselors regarding confidentiality. In beginning sessions amongst the client and the schooltime counselor confidentiality should be discussed and the conditions in which it may learn to be breached. According to Lazovsky (2010), The management of student confidentiality has been described as the primary ethical dilemma of school counselors.There are various ethical and legal issues that arise for School Counselors when dealing with confidentiality. School Counselors are required ethically to enunciate when a student engages in clear and imminent danger to themselves or others. Some school counselors lay down their finding to breach confidentiality on how imminent the danger is that is being presented by the situation. Most counselors would agree parents should be certified of drug experimentation by an 8 year old. M whatever however, would disagree to tell parents that a 16 year old client reported occasional experimentation with cannabis (Glosoff & Pate, 2002).This example shows that school counselors should use discretion when deciding to breach confidentiality. These deuce minor clients are different but each situation has a variety of airs that it could be handled. According to Lazovky (2008), school counselors are discuss to consult with supervisors and colleagues onward making decisions based on breaching confidentiality. They should also fill out their state policies and legal philosophys in the school jurisdiction. other ethical and legal issue that can arise for school counselors counseling minors in relation to confidentiality is the disclosure of student provided information to parents.Privileged communication is apart of confidentiality. Privileged communication allows for clients to ask counselors to affirm their communications and records of their counseling sessions confidential. Privilege belongs to the client and the counselor asserts privilege for the client. According to Glosoff (2002), the already complex issue of privileges communication for school counselors is made even more complex by who has the privilege when counseling a minor. Parents of minors rather than minor clients are assumed to view p rivilege. School Counselors are sometimes subpoenaed for court appearances when the parents do not agree on whether the counselors presence is necessary in the attestation or a parental custody dispute may be the heart of the legal proceeding. The ACA and ASCA recognize that school counselors have limits to their ability to harbor client confidences. School Counselors must not only be redolent of their ethical duties but cooperate with any laws that that apply to them as well. The Family fosterage Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) establishes that parents control the rights of students under the age of 18 (Iyer, McGregor & Connor, 2010).This includes any of the students records such as grades, awards and date of birth. Decisions about the arc of these records are based under exceptions under FERPA and also the parents consent. yet, around records regarding the student are held in safe places where other school officials do not have or need access. Another law that school counselo rs must keep in mind is HIPAA. This law was enacted to protect patients health information. In relation to school counselors, the students medical records are being protected. The issue of confidentiality in barbarian Study Teams has become an ethical dilemma for many a(prenominal) school counselors.The school counselor must decide on what to disclose and what information to take about based on each members rights and responsibilities. decision making what to reveal and what to keep confidential can be a catchy and difficult task for school counselors. clinical Therapists face many ethical and legal issues with regards to confidentiality as well. Clinical Therapists are different from School Counselors in their role with minors because the only stakeholder involved with the therapist in most cases is the parent. According to Ellis (2009), minors right to confidentiality is an area at times, which ethics and the law are in conflict. nonpareil of these ethical dilemmas arises in the area client privilege. In the case of minors, this privilege extends to the parents who act as representatives to their dependent children. Clinical Therapist campaign with maintaining confidentiality for their minor clients especially when the law is on the face of the parents because they have the right to know. Stone & Issacs (2003) suggest that in order to deal with ethical issues regarding confidentiality and minors therapists should prepare a written schoolmaster service agreement which provides details on the limits and conditions of confidentiality.At this point the parent can be involved in their childs treatment in various ways. One of the ways that parents can be involved is through bimonthly family sessions. In the clinical counseling setting, there are often conflicts between duties of confidentiality and the need to share information with parents or other agencies that provide finagle for a child or adolescent. There can also be ethical conflicts between dutie s of confidentiality, grounded in respect for patient autonomy, and both statutory and moral pacts to report child abuse, which are grounded in duties of care and shelter (Kaplan, 2005).One issue which troubles some clinical therapists is a statutory obligation to report consensual sexual relationships that adolescents are engaged in with adults irrespective of whether they are clinically judged to be abusive, because they can be framed in many child protection statutes or guidance as constituting abuse. (Ellis, 2009). There are some convertibleities between confidentiality and counseling minors in both school and clinical settings. One similarity is that in both settings counselors must take note the same ethical guidelines for breaching confidentiality.Breaching confidentiality is allowed by ethical codes in special or extreme circumstances (Lazovsky, 2008). In both settings counselors must carefully moot over the circumstances that are presented to them by the minor client in the counseling sessions. The counselor should then decide whether or not to breach confidentiality. This ethical dilemma is a difficult issue that many counselors are faced with in both clinical and school settings.Another similarity between counseling minors in both school and clinical settings is that counselors must often consult with other staff members in both settings for the avail of the children that they serve. It is important for counselors to educate other non-mental health staff members that they must keep confidential any personal information they learn about children as a result of their professional positions (Rehmley & Herley, 2010). If any information were to be break outside of the school or clinical settings, it could be lead to thou for a lawsuit.There are some differences between confidentiality and counseling minors in both school and clinical settings as well. One difference is that counselors in clinical settings encounter fewer ethical issues around co nfidentiality and minors because parents usually have given(p) legal consent for the counselor to work with the client. However in the school setting, Rehmley & Herley (2010) state that the counselor often does not have a legal obligation to obtain parental permission before counseling students unless there is a federal or state statute to the contrary.Another difference between confidentiality and minors in the school and clinical setting is in the clinical setting the counseling process may be limited to the counselor, the minor client and the parents. Most minor clients who are hardened in clinical treatment facilities will be unable to rush crucial decisions for themselves. The privilege of informed consent will be given to the parent and the parent will operate in the childs best interests (Glosoff & Pate, 2002). Counselors in both clinical and school settings find the ethical and legal issues of confidentiality difficult because there are constant conflicts between the law and ethics.One issue that counselors find causes tension between law and ethics is whether children have the right to enter into a counseling relationship without parental consent. According to Rehmley & Herley (2010), every child has a moral right to privacy in the counseling relationship. Kaplan (2005) believes that children should have the same rights to confidentiality as adult clients. However, counselors constantly struggle between the ethical obligation of privacy to their minor clients and their legal obligation to the parents of the same minor clients to keep their child protected and safe.There are some ways that counselors are able to deal with these ethical and legal dilemmas regarding confidentiality and minors. One recommendation that was made by Iyer, Baxter-McGregor & Connor (2010) is to develop and maintain a wet informed consent policy. Informed consent is a process that is an on-going process and should begin before the counseling process begins. According to Gl osoff & Pate (2002), it is beneficial in both settings to develop a written informed consent policy so that it can be given to parents and anyone else who is involved in the clients counseling process.This is beneficial because all parties involved in the process will know about confidentiality and also what to expect. Another recommendation that was suggested by Iyer, Baxter-McGregor & Connor (2010) is to educate all members that are involved in the minor clients counseling process about the importance of confidentiality. In this way there will be a reduction in the likeliness of difficult situations posed by ethical dilemmas developing in the archetypical place. An explanation of confidentiality would be a great addition to an orientation to parents, teachers or other non-mental health professionals.They would know what to expect with regards to confidentiality in counseling sessions with minors. Another suggestion that was discussed in the literature in relation to ethical and legal dilemmas regarding confidentiality and minors is to send out educational newsletters and emails. This suggestion takes a proactive stance towards the ethical and legal issue of confidentiality and minors and it helps to avoid the practical ethical dilemma before it occurs (Glosoff &Pate, 2002).Some possible items that could be included in these newsletters or emails may be a definition of confidentiality, ones informed consent policy, state regulations or laws regarding confidentiality and a summary of ASCAs and ACAs ethics statements for counselors. Lastly, another suggestion that was discussed in the literature in relation to ethical and legal dilemmas regarding confidentiality and minors is for counselors to develop a strong network of professionals that counselors can confide in and ask advice when they encounter an ethical dilemma (Iyer, Baxter-McGregor & Connor 2010 Glosoff & Pate, 2002).This network may include school psychologists, local psychologists, counseling prof essionals and any who works within a similar field. According to Iyer, Baxter-McGregor & Connor (2010), a counselor may use a common framework such Kitcheners five moral principles regarding ethical decision making. The five moral principals are autonomy, justice (fairness), munificence (doing good), non-maleficence (doing no harm) and fidelity (keeping promises).Another ethical decision making model that can be followed is by Forester-Miller and Davis which is to 1) Identify the problem, 2) Apply ones professional code of ethics, 3) Determine the nature and decisions of the dilemma, 4) Generate potential grads of action, 5) Consider the potential consequences of all options and convey a course of action 6) Evaluate the selected course of action and 7) Implement the course of action. Counselors in both clinical and school setting have a tremendous amount of responsibility to embolden when they are counseling minors.The ethical and legal issues that arise for this group can some times differ and also be contradictory to each other. It is the responsibility of the counselors to prepare themselves and all parties involved in the counseling process with the knowledge that is necessary in regards to confidentiality and minors. In many cases when the counselor is left to choose the right course of action in regards to confidentiality, the outcome will inevitable benefit the client. References American Counseling Association. (2005). Code of ethics and standards of fare (Rev. ed. ) Alexandria, VA Author.American School Counselor Association. (2010). Ethical standards for school counselors. Retrieved from http//www. schoolcounselor. org/content. asp? contentid=17 Barnett, J. E. (2008). The ethical practice of psychotherapy Easily within our reach. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 569-575. doi10. 1002/jclp. 20473 Ellis, E. M. (2009). Should a psychotherapist be compelled to release an adolescents treatment records to a parent in a contested custody case?. master key Psychology Research And Practice, 40(6), 557-563. doi10. 1037/a0017419 Glosoff, H. L. , & Pate, R. r. (2002).Privacy and confidentiality in school counseling. Professional School Counseling, 6(1), 20-27. Iyer, N. N. , Baxter-McGregor, J. & Connor, A. R. (2010). Ethical dilemmas for the school counselor balancing student confidentiality and parents right to know. new-sprung(prenominal) York State School Counselor Association, 7(2), 17-22. Kaplan, A. I. (2005). Therapist-Patient Privilege Who Owns the Privilege?. Journal Of Aggression, contumely & Trauma, 11(1/2), 135-143. doi10. 1300/J146v11n0111 Lazovsky, R. (2008). Maintaining confidentiality with minors Dilemmas of school counselors. Professional School Counseling, 11(5), 335-346. oi10. 5330/PSC. n. 2010-11. 335 Mitchell, C. W. , Disque, J. , & Robertson, P. (2002). When parents want to know Responding to parental demands for confidential information. Professional School Counseling, 6(2), 156-161. Rehmley, T. P. , & H erlihy, B. (2010). Ethical, Legal and Professional Issues in Counseling. Merrill New York. Stone, C. , & Isaacs, M. L. (2003). Confidentiality with minors The need for policy to promote and protect. The Journal Of educational Research, 96(3), 140-150. doi10. 1080/00220670309598802 Confidentiality and Minors By Neferteria Thomas

Nursing Dilemmas Essay

There is a define of regulations or guidelines that guide the behavior of keep backs in a clinical set up. These are responsibilities towards the affected roles and other workers in the organization. One of the clinical predicaments encountered when contagious test do on a case reveal a high risk of development of a medical challenge such(prenominal) as breast cannistercer. The indecisiveness comes in when as a withstand is deciding on how to handle the situation and how to break the news the patient. near nurses and physicians entrusting recommend regular screening and, on the other hand, others will propose surgical interventions. There will be a set of uncertainties but using the Ustaals nine steps of coming to a moral decision will help solve the situation. Identifying the dilemma is the original step toward realization of the best decision. It involves determining the type of a dilemma whether clinical or legal (Davis, 2010).Identifying the potential outcomes of a de cision made will en suitable one to know the best option that will have least effects on the patient. The nurse should be able to guide the patient on the implication of either having regular checks or taking a breast surgery. By reviewing the ethical codes guiding that sort of a situation, will be helpful in following the clearest moral code. A nurse is also supposed to consider various actions that can be taken towards the situation and decide the most appropriate flair to communicate them to the client. It is vital to list the possible consequences of choosing a particular race of direction towards solving the experienced dilemma and as a registered nurse one will have the best knowledge on what passage to follow. Finally, a nurse will chose the best course of action, involve the patient in the decision through soliciting clients inputs in the decision and eventually, the implementation of the strategy will take place.Works CitedDavis, A. (2010). Ethical Dilemmas & Nursing P ractice. USA Julie horse parsley Publishers.

Regulatory Bodies with Roles in Accounting Essay

IRS (Internal Revenue Service)It is the oldest in the United States regulatory dead body too c alled the internal revenue service or IRS. The main goal of IRS is to succeed and implement the internal revenue law. Their responsibility is to help individuals to understand their levy obligations as well as to tax collection. moment (Security and Exchange Commission)SEC also called the Securities and Exchange Commission. Their main objective is to protect investors, maintains the Integrity of the merchandise and facilitates capital formation. The SEC also ensures that mankind companies follow the rules and regulations set by the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or GAAP.Financial Accounting keister (FAF)Their responsibility is to establish and improve financial history, the administration and finances of the financial news report of its standard-setting plank, the financial accounting standards advisory council, the governmental accounting standards board or better known as GASB and their advisory council. Standards of non-government financial accounting and reporting like not-for-profit organizations are examined by FASB (Financial Accounting Standard Board). The GASB was organise to establish accepted accounting principles for state and local government. It was also conventional to examine the image of FASB on the state and local levels.FASAB (Federal Accounting Standards consultive Board)The FASAB was accomplished in 1973 with the purpose to create and improve standards of financial accounting and reporting by nongovernmental entities that provides information to investors and other users of financial reports.The IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) is established to develop accounting standards through an international consultation process. This is done with representatives from countries all over the world to ensure the quality and feasibility of the financial reports.The PCAOB (Public familiarity Accounting Oversight Board) was created through the development of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to protect investors and their investments from the auditors of public traded companies.ACIPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.) It is the last major regulatory body and its function is to create the standards for accounting and reporting. The standards are set by running(a) with the FASB, assisting the FASB in enforcing the standards, and assisting them with their technical support.

Business plan Essay

understructureSelective merchandise outlineMost of the elegant business or businesses seeking to enter into new venture like creative applied science seeking to enter the American headph unity merchandise go forth betroth select marting with the main objective being to get proud returns on their commercialiseing investments. To achieve this objective, creative technology should distort toughened in knowing their customers in the basis of their origination, who they ar and where do their crossroads do well (Homburg, etaal, 2009). Once they get under wholenesss skin that in mind, then they go forth filtrate to maximize the best performing merchandise plane percentage, to realize these high returns on investment (ROI).The new(prenominal) springy objective of creative technology is to surpass the guess works and the wastes involved in new venture and put back them with specific puted efforts. This testament vouch that they reduce on the operating equal and maximize their returns on investment. Also, owing to the luxury nature of the crossway that fictive applied science is to introduce in the United States market place, they should gravitate towards these selective marketing as their harvest identify a very limited universe component. original Technology use ups this type of marketing to achieve their objectives as this product which they indispensability to engage in is non for everyone and so they want to ensure that the message run intos the right consumers and so reflecting in increased sales. Mostly, Creative Technology might complicate a glossy ad in the mag and televisions. This is so because most of the population would be uninterested with luxury goods adverts.Moreover, Creative technology should utilization tactics to contraryiate the product from other crisscrosss in their category of products. This entails at classifying a brand as being much superior to other competing brands. This will involve stressing the quality of brand and introduction on their historical relevance and the longevity of the brand. In this approach, they will strive to paint the other competing products as unreliable, generic as and of a lesser quality than their own headphones (Homburg, etaal, 2009).This will ensure that Creative Technology meets its objectives of high returns on investments. This is so because it will reduce the extra cash and measure spent on advertising messages directed towards consumers who may otherwise non be interested in the product. Also in addition to qualification this product stand out, specialized focus on specific market atomic number 18as can care in building products paper and ensure that this product has a long term fostered loyalty.Target commercializeCreative technology will then employ the tactics of seat market selection in order to engage in the market which they are sure that their product will sell. There are two central factors which they should consider in doing this. These include the attractiveness of the market incision and also how the share will fit their objectives and resource capabilities (Shaw, E. 2012)..When they are selecting the mark market, they should consider the next aspects. The size of the segment this basic exclusivelyy entails to the number of their customers that are in that population. When they keep an eye on that the segment has a considerable number of race then they can choose to invest in it and the vise versa.The other aspect which they should also consider is the growth rate of the segment. This will help them to determine their future prospect in the market. Also, they should be at a position of determining the level of competition in the population that they want to invest in. this will enable them decide their product in a manner that they will be to a greater extent appealing than that of their antagonists. In doing so, they will also know the loyalty of the customers in the competing brands an d whence know the outline of invading this market segment. In addition they will be at a position of determining the attainable markets share if they got the knowledge of the competitors exp supplantiture in promoting their brands. Given the size of the population, they should also ascertain the required market share so as to break heretofore and the profits they expect from the sales in the said segment (Aaker and David, 2008).To triumph this information, market research and analytic thinking is vital for Creative Technology. For instance, buyer intentions, political campaign marketing, sales estimation and analysis in demand is very reusable in determination of sales potential. The micro and macro environmental variables on the segment should also be put into consideration (Shaw, E., 2012).It is very important for the Creative Technology to note that larger segments are not better(predicate) for targeting as they will already have more competition. It could be more profita ble to invest in two or more sm any segments with little or no competition. However, if the besotted is sure of developing a competitive advantage like patent protection, they can engage in larger market segments.Target foodstuff StrategiesThere are different marketing strategies that should be sedulous by Creative technology in their turn backeavors of choosing a market system. These strategies includeSingle segment scheme this strategy is also referred to as concentrated market strategy.Here one market segment is served as opposed to the entire market. It is a strategy which should be diligent by smaller dissipateds with little resources.Selective strong suit it is a multiple- segment strategy and is also referred to as differentiated strategy. various market segment are served with different marketing strategies. Only the promotional message varies with the product not being the same in these markets.Product specialization In this strategy, the company specializes in p articular products that tailored to different market segmentsMarket specialization here the company will specialize in a iodin market and serve it with varied products. Creative Technology cannot employ market specialization as it is planning to employ still one product, the headphones.Full market coverage Here the organization tries to cover the totally market. It is mostly achieved either through mass marketing where a single undifferentiated market liquefy is employed to the entire market or by a differentiated strategy in whicha different mix is standed to every segment.Individual marketing strategy this is a strategy which has been employed recently owing to the technology where market mix is tailored in accordance to the individual consumer (Brian Solis,2011).For the Creative Technology to remain competitive in the market and realize high returns, it should always target a market that matches its capabilities. Once it has gained momentum, then it can expand by embarking o n specialization strategy, tailor the product for different markets.Positioning strategyAfter selecting the target market, the firm will now embark on deciding on how it will position itself in the chosen market segment. Positioning refers to how the firm wants their customers to view their product. It is more or less effective conveyance of messages to the target market about the firms product or service.Position strategy incrementThe first step is to do a market research. The main educate of this is to feel the features of your product that the consumer wants to feel their presence in the target market of your choice. You research the general features and not the features offered by a particular brand for example headphone features by Creative Technology Company.Once you have identified the features which are preferred by your potential customers and their stationing agree to your target customers, the then compile a list of product in that target market offering these featu res. Then draw a single-valued function showing not only the features of the product but also the competitors that offer those products with the same features. It is also advisable to place your product in this be too, for comparison purposes. After this you will have a clear go steady on where competitors products are positioned in your map in the chosen target market, you can the make an informed decision on where you would like your product to appear on the map.Position strategy development mostly depends on how the firm will position itself. The firm can take a me too strategy and position themselves adjacent to the competitor and allow the customers to instanter compare the product features or they can choose a strategy positioning themselves away from their competitors. One way of doing this is by offering a feature absent from the competitors products that their market research revealed that the consumers in that market rank as vital.Market mixThis refers on how the firm, Creative Technology will distribute their headphones to their consumers. They should plan this strategy so as to distribute their products (headphones) to their consumers at the right time and place. Efficient dissemination is imperative if the firm is to meet their objectives. If for any reason they underestimate or overestimate the demand, the firms profitability will be negatively affected (Borden, Neil,2013).Choosing the Distribution parentageThere are two available channels of dissemination which include direct and indirect distribution channels. Indirect pertains to the distribution where one uses the intermediaries in distribution. For instance, they can sell to the wholesaler who sell to the retailer and then to the end user. Conversely, direct distribution is where the company will be distributing directly to the end users at the right time and place required. It is mostly preferred as it gives the manufacturers direct control over their products.Choosing a distribution strategyDifferent products are distributed differently and there are three different distribution strategies which can be employed. There is intensive distribution strategy which is employed in distributing low priced products, easy lay distribution which involves limiting distribution to a single outlet. This strategy is mostly employed in the highly priced product like vehicles and also may require an intermediary (Borden, Neil,2013)..Selective distribution here a small number of outlet, especially retailers, are chosen for product distribution.If Creative Technology adopts a selective or exclusive strategy, they should choose an intermediary who is well versed with handling these or alike(p) product and is well know by the target consumers.Planning assumptions communicate cost and salesFinancial tracking is a very vital part of any given business plan. In this financial tracking, one should be careful to note that the programme cost not only refers to the cost of the object b ut also the cost involved in administering this programme itself. Any vomit, for instance the Creative Technologys project of venturing into the US market should contain the expected cost and the return or the sales expected from the same. In addition it should show clearly where the projects resources will be obtained to make sure that it will not fail on the way. The projected sales and cost is the culmination of all the previous section of the business plan as each section will always impact on the cost and sales hence affecting the whole project finance.For it to create accountability, it should show clearly the firm organization structure so that it may indicate who is responsible for what, who will be making decisions regarding productions, legal compliance and financial management.Sensitivity analysisThis is a tool which can be used by firms to image their effects on the net income whe sales levels increase or decrease. These changes against which the sensibility analysis is done are the unheralded event or the contingencies I outlined in the contingency planning. This analysis will usually revolve around its process on the what if distrust. Mostly these questions are as the following what would be the firms income if it has a sales forecast of 12%, 16% or 34% higher? Also what can be my firms net income is the firms forecast a 12%, 16% or 34% lower than the expected (Helton etaal, 2009).Contingency planContingencies are events which are not expected or not expected in the firm business plan. So the company must develop a contingency mitigating strategies or plans in order to be prepared for these unexpected outcomes. This is because these events do not arise from time to time and so they must be ready with these plans in case they occur. These plans entail preparing for crises and for unwelcome outcomes in case they occur (British Standards Institution, 2012). This will ensure that the firm will considerably recover these unexpected events. It will also ensure that these impacts are minimized.When drafting a contingency plan, the first step is recognizing its need, and then indentifying all the feasible scenarios. After this they must know what the consequences of these crises will be. Then assess the point in time which might be caused by these eventualities. After they have done all this then the final step is to choose a risk strategy to employ so that they can mitigate these crisis and lastly do a crisis simulation which is testing their plan.(British Standards Institution, 2012) The firm management should also consider the what if question where they prepare scenarios which could arise in the business operations. Some of these questions could include what if the competitors take in a very powerful product with much favorable features in the eyes of the consumers of the target market? What if the firm does not meet its expectations? What if their competitors employ advanced advertisement strategies than the firm? EtcReferencesBaker, Michael The Strategic Marketing Plan analyse 2008. p.Homburg, Christian Sabine Kuester, Harley Krohmer (2009) Marketing Management A Contemporary perspective (1st ed.), capital of the United Kingdom.Marketing basics Marketing strategy based on market needs, targets and goals.Aaker, David (2008) Strategic Market ManagementBaker, Michael The Strategic Marketing Plan canvas 2008 p. 27Shaw, E. (2012). Marketing strategy From the origin of the concept to the development of a conceptual framework. Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 4(1), 3055.Pinson, Linda. (2004). frame of a Business Plan A Step-by-Step Guide to construction Business and Securing Your Companys Future (6th Edition). Page 20. Dearborn Trade Chicago, USA.A. Simon, keen-sighted decision making in business organisations, American Economic analyseBorden, Neil. (2013)The Concept of the Marketing Mix.Brian Solis(2011) Engage The Complete Guide for Brands and Businesses to Build, Cultivate, an d monetary standard Success in the New Web, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp.201-202.Koichi Shimizu (2003)Symbiotic Marketing Strategy, quaternate edition, Souseisha Book Company.Intrieri, Charles (10 kinsfolk 2013).Business Contingency Planning. Flevy. Retrieved 29 September 2013.British Standards Institution (2012). Societal security Business contigency management Systems Requirements LondonSaltelli, A., Ratto, M., Andres, T., Campolongo, F., Cariboni, J., Gatelli, D. Saisana, M., and Tarantola, S., 2008,Global Sensitivity Analysis. The Primer, John Wiley & Sons.Campolongo, F., J. Cariboni, and A. Saltelli (2008). An effective screening design for sensibility analysis of large models.environmental Modelling and Software,22, 15091518.Fass, Alessandro ()Sensitivity Analysis for Environmental Models and Monitoring Networks. PreprintJ.C. Helton, J.D. Johnson, C.J. Salaberry, and C.B. Storlie, 2009, Survey of samplingbased methods for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. dependableness Engineering and System Safety

Economy, Religion, Government & Education

The essence of politics is power. ability is the capacity of mess or groups to control or influence the actions of others, whether those others wish to cooperate or not. There are three mechanisms for controlling the actions of others reward, punishment, and controlling of information.Authority and power legitimating 2 classification of Power that categorized by Sociologist Legitimate power Power used in a way that is generally recognized as friendlyly right and necessary. Il accepted power Power used without cordial approval. Example Gangsters who demand and receive protection money from a storekeeper y threatening violence are using illegitimate power. disposal agencies that demand and receive a sales tax from the same market keeper are using legitimate power. Democracy literally means prevail of the people. In a true democracy, the powers of governing bodyal relation derive from the formal go for of the governed, and citizens have a right to participate in decision -making process. In a representative democracy, the most common type, citizens vote for officials to represent them. Only in very small democratic systems can each citizen affect government by direct involvement this hype of democracy is called participatory or direct democracy. Totalitarianism is run by a single party, in which there is governmental surveillance and control over all aspects of life.The totalitarian state creates an official ideology, a total world view and a set of rules of behavior. Rival worldviews are suppressed, rival religious groups are persecuted, and the industrial plant of many artists and intellectuals are censored. Authoritarianism Authoritarianism ultimate allowance is vested in a single person. The ruler may be either a monarch (a hereditary ruler), or a dictator (someone who as get on to power and typically holds that power by means of force). Ideology and political parties do not play a major role in the lordly regime.There are important diff erences between authoritarian and totalitarian regimes An authoritarian regime is one that does not tolerate political opposition plainly is prepared to allow governing bodys and sectors of society to function free of the state provided they do not engage in political activity. A totalitarian regime is one that seeks to impose state control over every institution of society, regardless of whether it engages in within an all-embracing political design. Berger, 198683-84) Authority refers to legitimate power that is institutional in nature.Max Weber classified the main sources of social authority into three types Traditional authority is authority that is conferred by custom and accepted practice. In a hereditary monarchy, the power of the head of the government is legitimated by birth. Charismatic authority is authority that is generated by the personality or exceptional personal appeal of an individual. Legal-rational authority is authority that rests on rationally established ru les. State Some legitimate power or authority is found in every group or organization.Formal and Non-Formal Education unaffixed statement is learning through with(predicate) interaction with others in the group. Non- formal education consists of sets of definite learning goals and objectives. Non- formal education is not covered by traditional school system. Social organizations, tete-a-tete companies, government offices, livelihood schooling centers, and other institutions administer non-formal education. Formal education is synonymous with school. It sets definite goals and objectives reached through systematized, formal instruction methods. Schools are run by the state, by private individuals or reparations, or by religious groups.

High School and Lateness Essay

This paper is a review on former(a)ness in public instills, which has patternd a major(ip) problem to educate administrators in Delta State, Nigeria especi altogethery at the primary and unessential naturalize trains. The author delimited his focus on students, staff and keep staff in the teach system. The salient point is that, previous(a)ness to trains plagues school administrators, convey ab proscribed inefficiencies at exert by way of administration. Therefore, this paper highlights the meaning, causes and effectuate of youngness to schools as related to the school administrator in Delta State, Nigeria.The study as well as highlighted various remedies to the sordid situation. This review will thereof help school administrators alleviate lateness, a hydra- transported monster plaguing schools in Delta State, Nigeria, and as such(prenominal) look at ab bulge easy administration of schools in the region. Key words Lateness, school administrators, discipline, envir ons, promptitude. INTRODUCTION Amongst other comp mavennts of any plaque, homosexual beings argon the most ticklish to manage. Folks pose the most problems to administrators anywhere in the world, not excluding school organisations as learning factories in Delta State, Nigeria.Many authors have posited as a field of study of fact that, it is easier to manage the financial and material comp nonpareilnts of any organisation than to manage the human component. They insinuate that it is easier to manage even animals than to manage human beings (Nakpodia, 2006 Peretomode, 1991 Peretomode, 2001 Ubogu, 2004 E much, 2005 Ukoshi, 2004). Thus, in the school system, the school head, which is usually the headmaster/headmistress or the principal, is confronted with many problems posed by staff and/or students.These problems include sleeping on duty, negative attitude to tasks, lack of motivation to tasks, sexual torment, theft, quarrelling, malice, jealousy, envy, abstractedeeism, laten ess, etcetera however Lauby (2009) stated cl betimes that As a Human Resource professional, I have dealt with a plethora of employee issues sleeping on the job, theft, sexual harassment nevertheless I have found over the years, that there is one issue that plagues managers more than all these other issues combined at die hardance and punctuality. That is, peck not demonstrate up at all people not showing up on time.It could so be deduced from the excerpt that in the school system, which is the focus of this paper, twain staffs and students/pupils lateness to school pose the hugeest problems to school administrators in Delta State. What past is lateness? DEFINITION OF LATENESS Literally, the term lateness implies a situation where an individual arrives after the proper, scheduled or usual th time (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 5 ed. , 1995). Furthermore, Lauby (2009) puts it as a term employ *Corresponding author.E-mail kosdaf80yahoo. com. Tel +2347033941918. Nakpodi a and Dafiaghor 59 to describe people not showing up on time. Breeze et al. (2010) contributed by saying that, lateness is substitutable with tardiness, which implies being slow to act or slow to respond, thus not come across up with proper or usual timing. It is obvious therefore that, lateness could be seen as a system of network breakd accept (Peretomode, 1991), a situation of not meeting up with programme a exploit of time time is the criteria and determinant of lateness.Having therefore known the meaning of lateness, the causes of lateness should be highlighted. CAUSES OF LATENESS There are numerous causes of lateness to school. Amongst others, the following are the major causes of lateness to school. press release late to slam This is one of the major causes of lateness to school. Going late to bed could allow for in waking up late, as could be deduced from the substantial meaning of the saying earlyish to bed early to rise. watching films and late-night movies The ind ividual involved in watching films and home videos may be so captivated and hypnotised by it that, he/she forgets that he/she has to be in school and at sudden realisation, he/she hurries off and promising may not be punctual (Ukoshi, 2004). The habit of waking up late Some folks beget more pleasure in early morning sleep than the overnight sleep. These course of people evermore wake up late to hurry off to school but most times, situation may not really be in their favour, thus they are irresistibly late to school.Distance/Location of school The further the location of the school from the student/pupil or staff, the more distractions, obstacles, friends to say high to, hold-ups to turn, go-slows, etc are there that tend to hinder his/her punctuality to school. For instance, consider a situation where an individual working in DELSU secondary coil give instruction, Abraka, leaves Eku or Igun every day for work. This individual is apparent not to be punctual when compared with some one of the same status living in Abraka, peradventure even close to the school he is more likely to be punctual because the level of distraction would be lesser.Keeping friends of diametric status Friends and acquaintances that are not of the same status with an individual tend not to understand the responsibilities of the individual, most especially those of lower status. For instance, a teacher spending most of the leisure time with a motorcyclist the motorcyclist is likely not to motivate the teacher in the aspect of punctuality as compared with a fellow teacher. Engagement in untimely domestic chores/activities These activities are incumbent but doing them at a wrong timing is what cause lateness to school.In some cases, most parents even oblige their wards to help carry their goods to the grocery store and other such kind of chores before going to school. Activities like these ineluctably cause lateness to school, either voluntarily or involuntarily. Furthermore, Ogh uvwu (2008) concurred to this when he opined that lateness is common as a entrust of students involvement by parents. Innate anxiety level Most people always have that relax mind in anything they do they do not even awe if they are caterpillar tread late or not they ripe do not beat thattheir relax temple or mood of doing things. Even when a light hurry could bushel them punctual, they prefer to be late than beat their ignorant temple this is a glaring situation. Family background In some cases, the habit of lateness is being copied from family members. For instance, the child that sees the father always going late to work could alike either voluntarily or involuntarily learn the habit, thus go to school late also. This is supported by Peretomode (2001) and Egbule (2004), when they elaborated the model of NATURE-NURTURE as it affects an individuals habits.Cultural background We live in a society where the culture does not frown at, or quite a say anything about punctuality as ethics in a work environment, thus to most individuals, punctuality is not really a serious matter, compared with how punctuality is being perceived in Western cultures and substantial countries (Breeze et al. , 2010). 60 Int. J. Sci. Technol. Educ. Res Religious background Every individual in this world is loyal or faithful to one religion or the other. Even the atheist is loyal to his own beliefs, thus he/she is his/her own religion.Individuals tend to swallow hook, line and sinker, whatever their ghostly leaders teach, and those which the religious teacher does not teach is considered less or not central by them. The salient point is that, if religions frown at lateness, it would reduce and if they do not speak of it or speak encouraging it (they may say, no matter what happens, God will always favour you) the tendency is that lateness would be on the increase, most especially in Delta State, Nigeria, Africa, where religion is tenaciously adhered to because of the disquie tude of witchcraft and wizardry (Afri hatful Science).Lack of breakal and effective punctuality insurance policy Obviously, individuals could come late to school, if they perceive that there are no consequences to it. It is a consensus that if black man no see strong thing, e no they hear. This consensus is more pronounced in Delta State, Nigeria, where the probability of misdemeanour and will power is high. Furthermore, school heads fairness or equal discussion between different subjects, as perceived by individuals, could cause lateness. Individuals are likely to be more punctual, if they perceive obvious rule of right in terms of punctuality (Clackmannanshire Council Online, 2010).Too much body handle and excessive facial/body stimulateup In some cases, individuals are obsessed by their appearance to the detriment of timely engagements in school. Oghuvwu (2008) hold to this when he opined that lateness is common among females more than males. This could be as a result of the fact that, females require more time for their body and facial care and make up. EFFECTS OF LATENESS TO SCHOOL There are various do of lateness to school. Many writers have pinpointed many of these effects. Amongst others, some are outlined and shortly discussed as follows.Lateness disorganises and causes distraction to the individual and the whole system The individual that came late to school is both a problem to him/herself, fellow students, teacher, and others in the school system he/she walks in when teaching is going on both teachers and students turn to look at him/her the system and flow is distracted and belie he/she thinks where do I start from to catch up?.. asks a fellow student is he just starting?.. how huge has be been teaching?.. what has he/she taught? let me see your note.From this simple analogy, it is glaring that the late comer is both a problem him/herself and the entire school system. In addition, according to Clackmannashire Council Online, lateness i s disruptive to the individual and to the work of the class and may be an early warning of other difficulties. Lateness inhibits the process of achieving the goals of the school The basic curtilage for the human component is to enable easy achievement of the goals and objectives of establishing the school. Thus, if the employers goal is to make money, and the individuals contribution to the organisation could bring the school N20 per h.If he/she then comes 30 min late every day, thus N10 is alienated every day as a result of lateness. The point is that as small as this, multiplied by the days of the years and a good number of employees with this habit this would be a very great vent to the school. Thus, Ali (2007) clearly posited that showing up 10 min late could add up to lots of lost revenue for the company (school) and the individual. Furthermore, ETCs (2009) attending and punctuality policy clearly states that regular and punctual attendance is of paramountimportance in en suring that all students have full access code to the curriculum valuable learning time is lost when students are absent or late. Lateness leads to absenteeism and general failure in life Pupils/students and/or staff could sometimes feel the extent of their lateness and very often they just decide to be absent. This has a very great effect on the individuals academic and other achievements. According to Ali (2007), this could lead to loss of confidence and engagement in premature sexual activity for students, ahead(p) to pregnancy, resulting in a phenomenon called storm and stress among adolescents.Also, Catt F found out that it is always the same group of people showing up early and the same group of people showing up late. REMEDIES TO LATENESS 1. Schools should charter strict functional punctuality policy. One of the major responsibilities of the school head is to implement policies and/or even possibly make some as whatever happens in the system would be credited or charge up on him. Thus, the school head Nakpodia and Dafiaghor 61 needs to carry out the function of maintaining punctuality policy without favouritism. 2.Staff and students in the school system should be sensitised and made aware of the effects of lateness to them and the entire school system, and also the benefits of punctuality to them first and then to the entire school system. This should be carried out by both school heads, governmental and non-governmental agencies, religious bodies, and other such bodies and individuals. 3. The school administrator must teach punctuality by illustration he/she must act as a model for all to copy. 4. School administrators should impose compulsory beginning and closing of the day meeting of staff and students.In the meetings, there should be strict attendance register. 5. School administrators should build in staff and students, the virtue of time-consciousness. For instance, putting wall clocks in conspicuous locations for all to see could instil the time-consciousness attitude in individuals in the school. 6. As an individual, try to be 15 min early to school, as this could help you make friends and say hello to alreadymade friends get ones self prepared for the days activity possibly even read a book, and most importantly could help make up for unforeseen causes of lateness, and still be punctual.7. There should also be activities /acts to motivate and reinforce punctuality. For instance, awarding prizes for punctuality could go a long way in enhancing punctuality. 8. Parents and school administrators should join efforts in enhancing punctuality. UK brass (2010) stipulated that on the first day absence, contact should be made with parents of the child to find out why the child is absent. 9. Truancy patrol is a situation where members of the community are sensitised to seize or news report students found outside the school environment after stipulated times.In this kind of situation, the pupil would likely be punctual since the only convenient environment would be that of the school if he/she comes late, would be punished he is then forced to come early. 10. Parents involving students in domestic activities should be mindful of punctuality. 11. presidency on its part, should improve transportation and other economic activities in the field as some students walk/trek to school, as a result of fair even those that have the fair, sometimes no transport inspection and repair or no good roads, causing hold-ups and go-slows.help identify and give solutions to this quality and disturbing problem that could lead to students drop-out from school, and also inefficiency and ineffectiveness on the part of the school administrators, by way of school administration and attention knowing fully well that lateness could be reduced by providing poverty-stricken education counselling and discipline among students, in addition to the use of electronic systems, truancy sweep by school heads. It should also be famed that, lateness is common among female students, and as such they should be of more consult to the school administrator in Delta State.Finally, the remedy to any situation is in the situation thus, the school administrator, should study the peculiar situation and respond as the situation suggests. The fact is no two situations are the same, no matter how similar. REFERENCES Ali M (2007). Attendance and Punctuality cost companies big money. Retrieved 23rd September, 2010 from http//bizconvering. com/business-law/attendance-andpunctuality. cost Breeze S, Woosh C, Batt C, Fine M (2010). How to be punctual. WikiHow thehow to manual that you can edit. Retrieved 23rd September, 2010 from http//www. wikihow.com/Be-Punctual. Catt F (2010). The lateness game Coincidence or equilibrium? Retrieved twentieth September, 2010 from http//expertvoices. nsdl. org/cornell-info204/2010/02/27/the-game-ofpunctuality-coincidence-or-equilibrium/. Clackmannanshire Council Online (2010). Attendance and Pun ctuality (Secondary Schools). Retrieved 23rd September, 2010 from http//www. clacksweb. org. uk/learning/attendanceandpunctualityss/ Egbule JF (2004). Readings in educational Psychology. Owerri Barlos Publishers, pp. 234-241. Emore C (2005). Causes of students lateness to school in Uvwie L. G. A. of Delta State. Unpublished Post Graduate fleece in gentility Project, Abraka, Delta State University. ETC (2009). Attendance and punctuality policy. Retrieved 23rd September, 2010 from http//www. etc. org/attendanceandpunctuality/policy/ Lauby S (2009). Attendance and Punctuality. Retrieved 23rd September, 2010 from http//www. hrbartender. com/2009/comp/attendancepunctuality/. Nakpodia ED (2006). Educational brass section A new approach. Warri Jonokase, pp. 66-72. Oghuvwu PE (2008). Absenteeism and lateness among secondary school students in Nigeria Profiling causes and solutions. schoolman Leadership. Retrieved 23rd September, 2010 from http//www. academicleadership. org/empirical_res earch/384. shtml. Online J. , 6 3. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English (1995). fifth ed. , Oxford University Press. Peretomode VF (1991). Educational Administration Applied concepts and theoretical perspectives for students and practitioners. Lagos Joja Educational Research and Publishers, pp. 25-26. Peretomode VF (2001). Sociology of Education An introductory text for Nigerian undergraduates, 2nd ed. Lagos Obaroh and Ogbinaka. Ubogu RE (2004).The causes of absenteeism and dropout among secondary school students in Delta Central Senatorial District of Delta State. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, Abraka Delta State University. UK Government (2010). Fourteen approaches to improving attendance. Retrieved 23rd September, 2010 from http//www. education. gov. uk. Ukoshi RE (2004). Absenteeism in Nigeria work organisation A comparative study of private and public organisation in Ondo State. Unpublished M. B. A. Thesis, Benin University of Benin.

Who Has Been the Biggest Influence in My Life

As such, I am charged with the constitutional duty, which I am resolved to carry out, of serving the interests of the members of solely groups of our people and doing justice to every man. It is in this spirit that I now come onward you. For in administering the affairs of this nation, you and I share the common responsibility of providing the leadership, the direction and the service that a democratic government owes to the people.You and I must fork over for their enjoyment of those basic requisites for decent living and of those adequate opportunities for the attainment of natural prosperity and spiritual fulfillment. Only thus exit they be up to(p) to stand in dignity and granting immunity in the community of nations. We move our joint responsibilities at a time when the Nation is faced with umpteen serious problems. The eyes of the world are focused on us, zealous to see how this new Government will face the difficulties confronting it.Our performance will be judged n ot still by our own people further also by the other nations of the world, not only by the designate but also by posterity. Because of the impelling and serious problems facing the bucolic today, I should like to depart from the traditional practice of my illustrious predecessors of delivering an blanket(prenominal) State of the Nation message. I shall not burden you now with all the details usually embodied in such a message, special(a)ly those related to the customary and routinary activities of the government.While it is recognized that such functions deserve equal and priggish attention, I believe it would be more in keeping with the exigencies of the flash to submit, at the proper time and in the hour of need, such special messages to relation on these matters as may be warranted by circumstances. In the interest of priority of purpose, therefore, I beg leave to submit for the reflection of this Congress only the most paramount problems of the Nation which, in my cons idered opinion, occupy immediate and preferential attention. STATEMENT OF OUR MISSIONIn my inaugural address, I set fore the goals of our Administration in the coming years, as follows 1. The solution of the problem of decomposition 2. The attainment of self-sufficiency in the staple food of our people, namely, rice and gamboge 3. The creation of conditions that will provide more income to our peopleincome for those who have no(prenominal) and more income for those whose earnings are inadequate for their elemental needs 4. The giving medication of practices that will arm the moral fiber of our nation and reintroduce those value that would invigorate our democracy and 5.The launching of a bold but well-formulated socio- sparing class that shall place the country on the road to prosperity for all our people. This five-fold missionary station may be carried out by resolving two major problems, namelythe need for moral regeneration and the problem of economic bring onth. nat ion on Trial In the accomplishment of our mission, we have chosen the freedom of democracy as the context for the solution of our problems. Democracy is truly on trial along with us in our social and economic travails.By our success or failure in leading the Nation from the abyss of pauperism to the plateau of abundance, not only ourselves but also our way of vitality will be judged. If we falter, we shall fail democracy as well as our people and thus bolster communisms boast that it is a superior political system. But if we succeed in laying a dynamic and permanent base for justice and prosperity in this country, we shall apologise not only ourselves but democracy itself. Therefore, I first entice your attention to the decadent state of our public morality.Our efforts to achieve the goal of economic and social fulfillment will be more effective and the results we grasp more permanent only if we can suffuse them with a permeant moral regeneration. At my inauguration, I stated that I would seek to strengthen the nations moral fiber through formal modes of reform, enforcement of the honors and the run of the tremendous persuasive power of the Presidency in setting the person-to-person example of honesty, uprightness and simple living.The enforcement of the law is solely the responsibility of the executive Department, but I invite all to join the Executive in wielding the potent power of moral example, and I particularly urge the Congress to assist in conceiving those reforms that will contribute to a moral conversion of our people. Let me, however, add that it is wasted effort to steep the young in virtue and morality only to let them realize as they grow up that their elders are neither moral nor virtuous.We -must, therefore, see to it that the practices allowed by law in government and business, in the professions and labor unions, in field and millin every area of national endeavorconform as much as possible with the moral and the ethical. Such pr actices can be sustained and upheld only if we can at the same time shape a sthrong public opinion that will actively approve them and watchfully condemn the contrary. In our actions, we should not be guided only by what is legal. We must go beyond legality into the demands of morality. Our acts must not only be legal but must be moral as well.

iDecisionTM Case Essay

For more discipline on i conclusivenessTM, please tint Sanjib Ghosh sajib.goshtechmahindra.com Ramesh Kumar Koona rameshkumar_koonamahindrasatyam.comAbout Tech Mahindra Tech Mahindra is a worldwide systems integrator and stock transformation consulting firm focused on the communications industry. Tech Mahindra jocks companies infix and transform by leveraging its unique insights, differentiated assists and supple partnering models. This has helped customers reduce operating costs, generate new revenue streams and gain warlike advantage. For over two decades, Tech Mahindra has been the chosen transformation partner for wireline, radiocommunication and broadband operators around the world.Tech Mahindras capabilities span across military control Support Systems (BSS), Operations Support Systems (OSS), engagement Design & Engineering, Next propagation Networks, Mobility, Security Consulting, Testing, and other areas. Tech Mahindras upshots portfolio includes Consulting, application Development & concern, Network Services, solution Integration, Product Engineering, Managed Services, Remote Infrastructure Management and BPO. Over 34,000 professionals service lymph nodes across the telecom eco-system, from a global network of development centers and gross sales offices across Americas, Europe, Middle-east, Africa and Asia-Pacific. Tech Mahindra is the largest telecomfocused solutions provider and 5th largest software exporter from India.www.techmahindra.comAbout Mahindra Satyam Mahindra Satyam (OTC SAYCY) is a leading global business line and information technology services come with that leverages deep industry and functional expertise, leading technology practices, and an kick outd, global words model to help guests transform their highest-value business processes and improve their business performance. The alliances professionals excel in enterprise solutions, supply chain wariness, guest relationship perplexity, business intelligence , business process quality, engineering and product lifecycle forethought, and radix services, among other key capabilities.Mahindra Satyam is part of the US$ 8.25 billion Mahindra Group, a global industrial conglomerate and one of the precede 10 industrial firms establish in India. The Groups interests span financial services, automotive products, trade, sell and logistics, information technology and infrastructure development. Mahindra Satyam development and deli genuinely centers in the US, Canada, Brazil, the UK, Hungary, Egypt, UAE, India, China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Australia ar upchuck numerous thickenings, including many Fortune 500 organizations.iDecisionsA Packaged analytic Application for line of descent Transformationwww.mahindrasatyam.comCopyright 2011 Tech Mahindra All rights reserved.iDecisions a packaged analytical application for business transformation iDecisions is a packaged, custom-friendly, uncovered analytics application with industry solution s ets across Banking, Insurance, telecommunication, Airlines, Manufacturing, Retail, Travel and Logistics, Education, Pharmaceutical and Healthcare. The solution consists of horizontal solution sets for Finance, HR, Procurement, Sales and Customer intelligence. iDecisions en opens efficient business management by dint of effective info integration and information outline to help generate business insight and drive innovation. It incorporates industry best practices in key performance indicators (KPI), logical data models, analytical templates, dashboards and processes.iDecisions Telecom Solution for On-premise executions and Cloud using Microsoft BI stack iDecisions provides a unique, powerful root to an all too common telecommunications industry conundrum. It incorporates industry best practices into an analytical application suite that turns decision making from an art to a science. iDecisions for telecom companies is intented around the following key melodic theme areas1BI I mplementation Roadblocks Unclear business line Requirements2Multiple data Sources3Time to market4Proprietary Technology StandardsiDecisions for TelecomApplication EnginesCustomer Value Fraud Detection Churn Prediction RFM mark Behavior ScoringBest Practices Inventory perseverance Standard Business Definition Unified Data ModelBest Practices InventoryIndustry Standard (XML, CWM) Standard Technology StackAnalytical ApplicationsCustomer news programSubscriber newsworthiness Campaign IntelligenceUsage Intelligence trade IntelligenceSales IntelligenceRevenue IntelligenceRevenue & shore AnalysisNetwork IntelligenceFault ManagementSolution Components adaptative ArchitectureReusable ArtifactsCall digit IntelligenceProduct relationship Roaming Intelligence Channel Intelligence Mobile Number Portability Intelligence physical contact Center IntelligenceRevenue AssurancePerformance ManagementData Integration Hub How iDecisionsTM addresses BI implementation roadblocksChurn Intelligence Customer demeanor cycle in Converged networksCredit & Collections Membership & LoyaltyTraffic Management Demand forecasting & Capacity PlanningCore Post pay Pre Paid Fixed Line Data Converged Network Video lineBenefits of iDecisionsTMPackaged, customization-friendly, open analytical solution Industry best practices in KPIs, analytical templates, dashboards and processes Modular nature allows clients to pick and implement only selective modules Complements Microsoft BI Capability Highly customizable to suit each customers unique BI needs Reduces time-to-market Minimizes risk of failed implementation iDecisionsTM is a pre-built BI solution that is also available on demoralize which enables organizations to access information and perform intelligent outline over a virtual environment. probatory advantages of iDecisionsTM on Cloud offerings include Low upfront infrastructure investments, overturn maintenance and software licensing costs Just-in-time infrastructure with dynamic cap acity management saves cost Businesses can turn capital expenses to variable operating expenses shrinkage of processing time due to parallelization addresses key difficulties surrounding large graduated table data processingiDecisions based solutions are also available on cloud iDecisions based pre-packaged BI solutions are offered on cloud curriculum as well. The cloud solutions can be offered either on Mahindra Satyams own data centers or on third party data centers. TMTMCustomer is risk-free the risk is completely reorient towards the service provider Usage-based costing Multi-tenant12Architectural impression of iDecisions using Microsoft BI Stack The vertical-specific data models from iDecisions are wrapped with relevant ETL and OLAP tools to create end-to-end BI solutions and these solutions are hosted on a cloud platform. The auspices aspects of cloud computing are well addressed by the iDecisions BI solution which has three layers of securities built OS-level security , DB level security and Application level security. lymph nodesScale-up supported by Database design Schema design Physical design Hardware extract and configuration Software selection and configuration Data loading Query specification and tuning warranter LAYER34Case Study 1Telecom major in BahrainCase Study 2Telecom Major in MauritiusAbout the Client The client is a leading wide awake and data services operator with licenses in 7 Middle eastern and 15 sub-Saharan African countries. With employee strength of 15,000, the client provides statewide run away of mobile voice and data services to over 50.74 million individualistic and business customers with revenue of $ 3 billion. Business Challenges/Needs of the Client The client wanted to address its key challenges such as Changing consumer preferences developing cost Lack of good understanding of customer behaviour unavailability of information on customer churn Unavailability of standardized reportage on organizational basi s Unavailability of reports on time Migration from outgrowth to analytics Scattered data source Mahindra Satyams Solution Mahindra Satyam deployed a comprehensive solution leveraging its business intelligence solution accelerator iDecisions.The solution provided consolidated information to senior management and the ability to execute ad-hoc reporting. The solution helped client to undertake data analysis with data visualization capabilities in Customer Intelligence, Usage Intelligence, merchandising and Revenue Intelligence along with the adequate to(p) areas such as Churn Management, Loyalty Intelligence, Sales Management, Call Pattern / CDR intelligence. iDecisions Telecom modules implemented for this project included Customer Intelligence, Usage Intelligence, Marketing and Revenue Intelligence. The solution helped assess customer behaviour and pro-actively design marketing programs and identify cross sell / up-sell opportunities besides improving profitability by effective tra cking of product/customer channel relationships.iDecisions solution has been able to detect 30,000 churners and predict churners one month in advance. The customer committedness & retention analytics along with the sales management analytics has resulted in customer retention rate of 33%. Thus out of a total of 30,000 likely churners, a total of 9,900 were retained.A total of US$ 900K was saved for client from iDecisions churn solution in net savings for the fourth quarter. Business Benefits delivered to Client Detected 30,000 churners and predict churners one month in advance Customer retention rate of 33% Comprehensive view of information, from very highly aggregated abbreviation information to the underlying events and detail transactions, for top management Savings to the tune of US$ 900K State of art analysis tools to aid the business users in performing data analysis with analytical and data visualization capabilities Analytics based reports rather than just operational t op executive to slice, dice and ad-hoc reporting for deeper understanding of customer behaviour Ability to asses insights on churn behaviour of subscribers thereby aiding to strategize new marketing initiativesAbout the ClientThe client is a leading service provider of cellular telephone in the Republic of Mauritius. It provides GSM and UTMS, GSM, GPRS, 3G/UMTS as well as 3.5G/HSDPA and WiMAX networks and offers a range of value-added services telecommunications services by dint ofout the country.Business Challenges/Needs of the ClientThe client wanted to address its key challenges such as Providing the senior management with a comprehensive view of information, from very highly aggregated summary information to the underlying events and detail transactions Providing state of art analysis tools to aid the business users in performing data analysis with analytical and data visualization capabilities Providing Customer segmentation capabilities to the senior management through access to consolidated informationMahindra Satyams SolutionMahindra Satyam proposed iDecisions framework for this implementation which is part of the iDecisions suite of analytical applications that accelerates the implementation of a Business Intelligence solution with pre-built data model and analytical templates. Besides allowing the client to comfortably turn the volumes of data they collect and store into meaningful information, the implementation of business intelligence and data warehouse solution covered all the subject areas such as subscription intelligence, call pattern intelligence, roaming intelligence, revenue & margin intelligence, run away intelligence, churn intelligence and sales intelligence.Business BenefitsThe solution helped the client to coordinate BI technology initiatives closely with their business strategy and vision through the following benefits Business Intelligence Analysis Advanced Analytics Dashboards Strategic Decision Making